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Effect of electrolytic water intake on lifespan
of autoimmune disease prone mice.

Research from Texas University

 

Recent studies on electrolyzed water indicate that anode or acidic water is most effective as disinfectants; whereas, reduced or alkaline water processed through cathode is used as safe drinking water. The present drinking water study was undertaken in two strains of autoimmune disease prone mice to establish the spontaneous disease process and longevity. Weanling MRL/lpr and NZBxNZW [B/W] F1 female mice were provided daily with (1) tap water [pH ~7.5, oxygen reduction potential (ORP)~600+] (2) electrolyzed water with pH of ~9.0 and ORP ~400- and (3) hyper-reduced water with pH~10.0 and ORP~600-. Mice were provided H2O and chow diet ad libitum and weekly body weights and spontaneous deaths were recorded. The mean survival data recorded as days for MRL/lpr mice [25 mice/group] is as follows: (1) tap water 235±25, (2) reduced water 287±40 and (3) hyper-reduced water 346±45 days [<0.05]. In the case of B/W mice [25 mice/group], (1) tap water 269±16, (2) reduced water 298±19 and (3) hyper-reduced 302±18 days. A significantly decreased (<0.05) serum lipid peroxides were observed in mice fed hyper-reduced H2O. Also, the source of water did not alter lymphocyte subsets or their response to mitogens. In summary, hyper-reduced water with pH~10.0 appears to inhibit autoimmune disease of MRL/lpr mice whereas only a modest increased lifespan was noted for B/W mice. The increased lifespan by electrolyzed H2O appears to be related to the changes in free radicals and antioxidant enzyme levels. [Supported in part by Zanix Co. and Mr. Waterman Co., Tokyo, Japan].

Water Electrolytic Reactions:
 

 

Properties

 

Characteristics

Cathode Water

H2O ----> H+ + OH-

2H+ ----> 2e- ----> H+
 

 

20 ~ 30% increase of alkaline minerals in relation to the raw water.

 water is alkaline
high permeability
high solubility
high heat and electrical conductivity
 
     

Anode Water

H2O ----> H+ + OH-

4OH- -- 4e- --> 2H2O + O2
 

 

20 ~ 30% increase of chlorine ions in relation to the raw water.

 water is acid
has a bleaching effect
has a disinfectant effect
has an astringent effect
 

Experimental Design
 Mice: MRL/lpr
NZB x NZW F1
 Water: Tap water (pH 7.5)
Reduced water (pH 9.0)
Hyper-reduced water (pH 10.0)
 
 Measurements: Survival
Immune parameters
Hydrogen peroxides
 

Daily Analysis of Drinking H2O Given to Mice
  pH ORP
(mV)		 O2
content
(%)		 Saturation
Ratio
(%)		 Dissolved
O2
(mg/dl)		 Temp
(^C)
Tap-Water 7.5 600+ 18 % 80 % 6.5 25.0
             
R-Water 9.0 400- 25 % 90 % 7.5 26.0
             
HR-Water 10.0 500- 25 % 90 % 7.5 26.5

Drinking Water on Lymphocyte Subsets
Mice Treatment CD4+ CD8+ Ig+
         
B/W Tap-Water 29±1.7 12.7±2.7 53.5±4.8
  R-Water 30.8±2.4 13.4±2.9 53.0±4.6
  HR-Water 32.2±3.9 14.4±3.9 50.7±6.5
         
MRL/lpr Tap-Water 23.5±0.8 13.7±1.1 32.7±3.2
  R-Water 27.9±1.4* 16.6±1.5 29.0±3.0
*(<0.05) HR-Water 30.7±3.7* 17.2±3.1 29.4±2.9

Effect of H2O on DNA Synthesis (CPM) in Spleen Cells of B/W Mice
  Control
(Media)		 Anti-CD3
(T cell)		 LPS
(B cell)
       
Tap-Water 13359±685 25647±5602 112752±2576
R-Water 17005±1061 26368±6571 109859±3572
HR-Water 14431±2519 32566±5939 117219±5092

Analysis of Blood Serum from
Tap and Reduced Water Fed Animals

Serum Lipid Peroxides: Serum lipid peroxides were determined as described by Yagi using 20 ul serum. Fluorometric measurement was carried out using a Perkin-Elmer fluorescence spectrophotometer. 1,1,3,3, tetraethoxypropane was used as the standard.

Antioxidant Enzymes: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured by the inhibition of cytochrome-c reduction mediated via superoxide anions generated by xanthin-xanthin oxidase and monitored at 550 nm. One unit of SOD is defined as the amount of enzyme required to inhibit the rate of cytochrome-c reduction by 50%.

Effect of Diet and H2O Intake on Lipid Peroxides
and SOD Activity in the Serum of B/W Mice

  10%
Corn Oil		 10%
Corn Oil		 10%
Fish Oil		 10%
Fish Oil
Serum Analysis Tap Water
(pH 7.5)		 HR-Water
(pH 10.0)		 Tap-Water
(pH 7.5)		 HR-Water
(pH 10.0)
MDA
(nMole/ml)		 76±0.003 7.7±0.3 11.7±0.2 12.1±0.6
SOD Activity
(U/ml serum)		 28.6±2.8 46.5±6.1 86.0±3.2 83.6±4.8*

Lipid Hydroxides and Free Radicals in Sera of B/W and MRL.lpr Mice

Effect of reduced water on Antioxidant MRNA in B/W Mice

Survival Rate (%) of MRL/lpr mice

Survival Rate (%) of NZBxNZW F1 mice

Summary:

  1. Life long intake of both reduced (pH 9.0) and hyper-reduced (pH 10.0) water caused no harm to mice compared to tap water.
  2. Survival is increased significantly by hyper-reduced water in one strain (MRL/lpr).
  3. Slight increased life span in the other strain (NZBxNZW F1)
  4. Reduced and hyper-reduced water appears to increase T cell numbers, and decrease B cells.
  5. Both reduced and hyper-reduced water appears to increase antioxidant mRNA levels.
  6. New clinical and animal studies are needed to confirm above results

 

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Last modified: 06/13/08